If you've been pulling the connections off the battery, either wire doesn't make any difference, and the battery refused to crank it the next morning, then the battery was flat when you disconnected it.
OK so something isn't charging the battery properly. My bet would be a weak alternator. You say you got 14.2 V out of it when running, which seems fine, but you need to do the next test, which is to load up the alternator and see if it copes then.
Start the car up and measure the voltage. Then switch on every electrical gadget on the car: lights rear window heater etc. Make sure you switch on the ones that really load up the system, ie: headlights, and heater fan, they tend to draw the most current. Measure the voltage again. It will have dropped, possibly quite considerably, to somewhere around 13V, but don't worry too much. With the meter still connected, bring the revs up on the engine until the voltage stabilizes, you may need around 2500 to 3000 rpm to achieve this. Check the voltage should be somewhere near the unloaded voltage, but may be slightly lower, maybe around 13.8V.
If all that happens as I described then the alternator is likely fine. However, I suspect that when you carry out the load test, you'll get a low charge voltage. I strongly suspect you've got bad brushes or a bad voltage regulator which is able to get an unloaded voltage OK, but when you load the system up, it can't manage.
Probably the easiest and cheapest way to fix it, is to buy a new voltage regulator. Voltage regulators aren't expensive, and should be readily available from an auto electrician or somewhere that specializes in rebuilding alternators/starters. Sometimes if you're really lucky a local motor factor will have one. Most of the time the voltage regulators aren't too difficult to remove, they're normally just inside the rear cover, but most of the time you have to take the alternator out of the car to access it.
My voltage regulator went on the 850 which caused 19V to go through the system which blew the lights and caused all sorts of error lights to come up on the dashboard, the idiot light not being one of them, naturally

And of course I was stuck 20 miles from home, so I had to drive home with no lights and a gradually escalating burning smell of a battery slowly being toasted. Said battery eventually blew its top and sprayed acid all over the bonnet of the car, but by then I was just about home so I managed to pull up and douse the whole thing in lots of water which stopped it. Luckily I managed to get the voltage regulator out of the car without removing the alternator and a new one only cost me about 20 quid + a new battery.
Hope that helps.