Can 3D printers print a high enough resolution for something like this? The ones I've seen and used have all needed... some refinement!

I dare say there might be, but it does depend on what you use, i *think* sla (I could have the wrong one) can do colours and requires no extra work

http://reprap.org/wiki/RepRapPro_Huxley

No, I wouldn't use it for centre caps yet, I have (I think) a better solution.

I think that the Smart centres cup, in blank, have this measures and any designer could developed the Logo Volvo in sticker for the center.